General cardiologist

Your primary care provider may refer you to a general cardiologist for further evaluation and treatment if your risk factors for cardiovascular disease worsen or you have a heart attack or acute event.

In addition to four years of medical school and three years of residency in internal medicine, general cardiologists complete a four-year cardiology fellowship. They use this advanced training to help patients prevent, diagnose, treat and manage cardiovascular disease.

Depending on your symptoms and/or condition, this could involve:

• Conducting or ordering news tests
• Recommending lifestyle changes to help you eat healthier, get regular exercise and reduce stress
• Adjusting existing medications and/ or prescribing new ones
• Refer you to otherer cardiovascular specialists

Interventional cardiologists

These are cardiologists who have completed an additional two years of training so they can perform catheter-based techniques and diagnose and treat coronary artery disease, vascular disease, structural heart disease, and congenital heart defects. They use various diagnostic tools and imaging techniques to measure cardiovascular functions such as blood pressure and blood flow in major arteries, but do not perform traditional “open” heart surgeries.

Electrophysiologists

These are cardiologists who complete an additional two years of medical training focused on diagnosing and treating heart rhythm problems related to the heart’s electrical activity. They conduct diagnostic procedures and treat arrythmias by prescribing medicine, implanting electrical devices and performing catheter ablations.

Nuclear cardiologists

These specialists use advanced medical imaging to assess cardiac function for diagnostic and heart treatment purposes.

Cardiothoracic surgeons

Cardiothoracic surgeons are trained to perform surgery on organs and tissues located in the chest, or thoracic cavity. This includes cardiac surgeons who specialize in treating the heart and valve disease and cardiovascular surgeons who specialize in treating coronary artery disease.

Vascular specialists

Vascular specialists are medical doctors who focus on the body's circulatory and lymphatic systems. They treat conditions that interfere with blood flow in all areas except the heart and the brain. Vascular health can be closely related to heart health, or it may be impacted by other medical conditions.

While vascular specialists are usually surgeons, they also treat patients with medications and suggest lifestyle changes to help manage vascular conditions. Many vascular surgeons at the Novant Health Heath & Vascular Institute (HVI) are board certified in both open surgical treatment for vascular disease and minimally invasive, or endovascular, surgery. Some are also double-certified in general surgery.

Vascular surgeons

Vascular surgeons specialize in surgical procedures involving the veins, arteries and lymph system outside of the brain and the heart. For example, vascular surgeons treat blocked carotid arteries in the neck, problems affecting the descending aorta and slow-heeling wounds to the feet. They are trained in both traditional open and less invasive endovascular surgeries.